Buyini ubuchwepheshe be-ASA Cap futhi Kungani Kubalulekile kwi-WPC Decking?
I-ASA, noma i-Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate, iyi-thermoplastic yobunjiniyela ekwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu esibe yinto evelele embonini yomhlaba wonke yokuhlobisa izinkuni nepulasitiki. Ngokungafani nama-ABS noma ama-PVC caps ajwayelekile, i-ASA inikeza ukumelana okuphezulu kakhulu nemisebe ye-ultraviolet, ukuguga kokushisa, kanye nokuchayeka kwamakhemikhali. Lapho abakhiqizi bebhekisela "egobolondweni le-polymer elivikelayo" noma "ungqimba lwe-cap" ku-WPC decking, bachaza inhlanganisela esekelwe ku-ASA esetshenziswa ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhipha ndawonye. Igama elithi "i-ASA cap" liyigama elijwayelekile embonini eliqashelwa ososayensi bezinto ezibonakalayo, amalabhorethri okuhlola, kanye nochwepheshe bokuthenga emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukubaluleka kobuchwepheshe be-ASA cap kusesimeni sayo sama-molecule. Ingxenye ye-acrylate ku-ASA copolymer imunca futhi ichithe amandla e-UV ngaphandle kokudlula ekusabeleni kwe-chain-scission okonakalisa ama-polymer amancane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungqimba lwe-cap alubi luqhekekile, lube lukhuni, noma lushintshe umbala ngisho nangemva kokuchayeka isikhathi eside elangeni elinamandla. Kubathengi be-B2B abahlola imininingwane ye-WPC decking, ukuqonda ukuthi impahla ye-cap iyi-ASA kunokuba ibe yigobolondo le-polymer elijwayelekile kunikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sokuqhathanisa imikhiqizo phakathi kwabaphakeli. Ibhodi elithengiswa nje ngokuthi "livalwe" noma "livalwe ndawonye" ngaphandle kokucacisa impahla ye-cap lingasebenzisa ama-compounds aphansi ahluleka ukuletha ukusebenza okufanayo kwesikhathi eside.
Ukuze kubhekwe, i- I-Ydwpc co-extrusion decking Umugqa womkhiqizo, okuhlanganisa nephrofayili ye-YD140RH23, usebenzisa igobolondo le-polymer elivikelayo elinobuchwepheshe obunembile elisebenza njengengqimba yesivalo esilingana ne-ASA. Lokhu okwenziwe kwakhiwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezidingekayo zezimakethe zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, lapho amazinga okulawula kanye nokulindelwa kwabasebenzisi bokugcina kokuqina kwangaphandle kuphakeme kakhulu.
Ukuqonda Ukumbozwa Kwe-360-Degree: Ukuchazwa Kokuvikelwa Komphezulu Ogcwele
Ukuvalelwa kwamadigri angu-360 kubhekisela enkambisweni yokukhiqiza lapho ungqimba lwesivalo se-ASA luzungeze ngokuphelele umongo we-WPC kuzo zonke izindawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubuso obuphezulu, ubuso obungezansi, unqenqema lwesobunxele, unqenqema lwesokudla, kanye nemigqa yomibili yebhodi ende imbozwe ngokuphelele yizinto zesivalo ezivikelayo. Lokhu kuyintuthuko ebalulekile kunezindlela zokuqala zokukhipha ndawonye ezazisebenzisa izinto zesivalo kuphela endaweni yokuhamba ephezulu, okushiya ingxenye engezansi kanye nemiphetho ivezwe ekungeneni komswakama, ukuwohloka kwe-UV, kanye nokuhlaselwa yizinto eziphilayo.
Inqubo yokukhipha ngokuhlanganyela ngokwayo ihilela ama-extruder amabili avumelanisiwe. I-extruder eyinhloko yakha umongo we-WPC kusuka enkomponini kafulawa wokhuni, i-polyethylene noma i-polypropylene, kanye nezithasiselo zokucubungula. I-extruder yesibili isebenzisa ngasikhathi sinye i-compound ye-ASA cap encibilikisiwe ezungeze umongo njengoba idlula edayeni. Amathuluzi okunemba aqinisekisa ukujiya kwe-cap okuhambisanayo, ngokuvamile kusuka kumamilimitha angu-0.3 kuya kwangu-0.7, kuyo yonke indawo. Umphumela uba ibhodi le-monolithic lapho i-cap kanye nomongo kuhlanganiswa khona ngokushisa ezingeni lama-molecule, okudala isixhumi esingenamthungo esimelana nokuqhekeka ngaphansi kokujikeleza kokushisa, ukucindezeleka komshini, kanye nokuvezwa komswakama isikhathi eside.
Kungani ukumbozwa okugcwele kwamadigri angu-360 kubalulekile ekuthengweni kwe-B2B? Cabanga ngebhodi ledekhi elifakwe ohlelweni lwesisekelo phezu kwe-membrane. Ingaphansi livezwa ekushiseni okubambekile kanye nomswakama. Ebhodini elijwayelekile elinesivalo kuphela ebusweni obuphezulu, lokhu kuvezwa okungaphansi kuholela ekugobeni, ekuvuvukeni, nasekuhlulekeni kwesakhiwo ekugcineni. Ibhodi elimbozwe ngokuphelele liyamelana nale miphumela ngoba isivalo se-ASA ebusweni obungezansi sisebenza njengesivimbelo somswakama. Yingakho abaklami abaphambili kanye nonjiniyela bephrojekthi manje bechaza ukumbozwa kwamadigri angu-360 njengemfuneko eyisisekelo kumashejuli abo ezinto zokwakha, nokuthi kungani imikhiqizo efana ne- I-YD140RH23 co-extrusion decking kusukela ku-Ydwpc kukhulunywa kakhulu ngamathenda ephrojekthi kuwo wonke amazwekazi amaningi.
I-Ydwpc co-extrusion decking ene-ASA capsulation ephelele yamadigri angu-360 yezindlela zokuhamba zangaphandle kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-resort.
Ukumelana ne-UV: Indlela I-ASA Cap Layer Evimba Ngayo Ukubola Kwesithombe
Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet iyona ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke emvelweni ezintweni zokwakha i-decking zangaphandle. Ama-photon e-UV asezingeni lama-nanometer angu-290 kuya ku-400 aphethe amandla anele okuphula izibopho zamakhemikhali kuma-polymers kanye ne-lignin, okuqalisa uchungechunge lokusabela kokuwohloka. Ekufakweni kwe-WPC okungavaliwe, ingxenye kafulawa wokhuni isengozini enkulu. I-Lignin imunca imisebe ye-UV futhi idlula ku-photo-oxidation, ikhiqize ama-quinones kanye namanye amakhemikhali e-chromophoric abangela ukumpunga okuphawulekayo kanye nokuguguleka kobuso okubonakala okhunini olugugile kanye namabhodi e-WPC asezingeni eliphansi phakathi nesizini eyodwa kuya kwezintathu.
Isendlalelo sesivalo se-ASA sibhekana nale nkinga emthonjeni waso. I-polymer ye-ASA iqukethe ama-monomer e-acrylate anamaqembu asebenzayo abambe i-UV. La maqembu athatha ama-photon e-UV angenayo futhi aguqula amandla awo abe amandla okushisa angenangozi ngenqubo yokuguqulwa kwangaphakathi engabhubhisi. Izinto zesivalo aziboli noma zishintshe umbala ngenxa yokuthi indlela yokushabalalisa amandla ivuselela ngokwemvelo. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu ekumbozweni kwe-UV noma izithasiselo ezisetshenziswa phezulu ezisetshenziswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi zilahlekelwe ukusebenza kahle ngemva kwenani elilinganiselwe lemijikelezo yokuchayeka kwe-UV.
Kumaphrojekthi asezindaweni ezine-UV ephezulu njengeMpumalanga Ephakathi, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, noma ezindaweni eziphakeme, ukucaciswa kokumelana ne-UV kungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokusebenza. Imininingwane ejwayelekile ye-ASTM D7032 ye-WPC decking kufaka phakathi izimiso zokuhlola ukusebenza kwe-UV ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo zesimo sezulu ezisheshayo. Amabhodi ane-ASA cap eklanywe kahle ahlala esebenza kahle kakhulu kunamabhodi angavaliwe ngomkhawulo obalulekile kulezi zivivinyo. Ngokusho kocwaningo olushicilelwe yi- amajenali okuwohloka kwe-polymer ku-ScienceDirect, amabhodi e-WPC ahlanganiswe ndawonye e-ASA agcina ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-90 ombala wawo wokuqala ngemva kwamahora angu-2000 okusheshiswa kwe-xenon-arc weathering, kuyilapho okulingana okungavaliwe kuvame ukuwela ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angama-60.
Ukumelana Nokufiphala Nokugcinwa Kombala Ngesikhathi Senkonzo Eside
Ukufiphala kombala kuwukubonakaliswa okubonakala kakhulu kokuwohloka kwe-UV, futhi yisona sici esithinta ngqo ukwaneliseka kwabasebenzisi bokugcina nge-decking yangaphandle. Ezinhlelweni zezentengiselwano ezifana nezindlela zokuhamba zezindawo zokungcebeleka, ama-terrace ezindawo zokudlela, kanye nezindawo zokuhamba zomphakathi, i-deck efiphala ngokungalingani noma elahlekelwa ubuhle bayo bokuqala phakathi neminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu imelela isibopho esikhulu sedumela nezezimali kumnikazi wempahla. Kubathengi nabasabalalisi be-B2B, ukucacisa i-decking evikela ukufiphala ngakho-ke akuyona nje into yobuchwepheshe kodwa isinqumo esibucayi sebhizinisi esithinta ukugcinwa kwamakhasimende kanye nezimangalo zewaranti.
Amabhodi e-WPC ahlanganiswe ndawonye ane-ASA agcina umbala ngendlela engcono kakhulu ngezindlela ezimbili ezihambisanayo. Okokuqala, ukuzinza kwe-UV okungokwemvelo kwe-polymer ye-ASA kuvimbela ungqimba lwe-cap ngokwalo ekuphuzeni, ekushiseni, noma ekukhanyeni. Okwesibili, ungqimba lwe-cap lusebenza njengesivikelo esibonakalayo esivimbela imisebe ye-UV ukuthi ingafinyeleli enkabeni ye-WPC enombala ngaphansi. Lokhu kuvikelwa okubili kusho ukuthi ngisho nemibala egcwele ngokujulile njenge-walnut emnyama, i-teak, kanye ne-charcoal igcina ubuqotho bayo bokubona iminyaka engaphezu kwalokho imikhiqizo engavaliwe noma evaliwe kancane engakufeza.
I-Delta E color-change metric, ilinganiswa nge Umkhuba Ojwayelekile we-ASTM D2244 Wokubala Ukubekezelelana Kombala Nokwehluka Kombala, inikeza isisekelo esiqondile sokulinganisa ukumelana nokufiphala. Izilinganiso zemboni zisikisela ukuthi inani le-Delta E elingaphansi kuka-5.0 ngemva kwamahora angu-2000 okusheshiswa kwesimo sezulu limelela ukusebenza kwezentengiselwano okwamukelekayo. Imikhiqizo ye-ASA esezingeni eliphezulu evela kubakhiqizi abasunguliwe njenge-Ydwpc ivame ukuthola amanani e-Delta E angaphansi kuka-3.0 ngaphansi kwalezi zimo. Kwabakhi bezakhiwo kanye nabaphathi bephrojekthi abacacisa ukufakwa kwedekhi kwezicelo ezibonakala kakhulu, ukucela idatha ye-Delta E kumhlinzeki kuyindlela engcono kakhulu ehlukanisa imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu kulabo abenza izimangalo zokumaketha ezingenabufakazi.
Ukumelana Namabala: Ukugcina Izindawo Zedekhi Zihlanzekile Ezisetshenziswa Ezinabantu Abaningi
Ezindaweni zokungenisa izihambi, isevisi yokudla, kanye nezindawo zangaphandle zezentengiselwano, izindawo zokubeka amadekhi zivame ukuchayeka ezintweni zokufaka amadekhi okuhlanganisa iwayini elibomvu, ikhofi, uwoyela wokupheka, i-sunscreen, indle yezinyoni, kanye nesikhunta. Idekhi ye-WPC engavaliwe inesakhiwo sobuso esinezimbobo esimunca lezi zinto kalula, okuholela ekushintsheni kombala okungapheli okungenakususwa ngezindlela zokuhlanza ezijwayelekile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amadekhi aqongelelekile adala ukubukeka okungathandeki okwehlisa inani lobuhle bokufakwa futhi kudingeke ukuthi kushintshwe ibhodi ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Isendlalelo sesivalo se-ASA sishintsha kakhulu lokhu kuguquguquka. I-ASA iyi-thermoplastic engenazimbobo, evaliwe enobuso obuncane obunamandla aphansi. Ama-liquid anombala ebusweni kunokuba angene, futhi izinto eziningi zokupenda ezivame kakhulu zingasuswa ngensipho ethambile namanzi. Lesi sici siyingxenye yekhemikhali yezinto ezibonakalayo kunokuba sibe ukwelashwa kwendawo okuguga ngokuhamba ngezinyawo nokuhlanza. Ukumelana namabala kwamabhodi ane-ASA kuhlala kusebenza kuyo yonke impilo yenkonzo yomkhiqizo, okunikeza ukugcinwa okuqhubekayo kusukela ekufakweni phakathi neminyaka yokusetshenziswa.
Kwabachwepheshe bokuthenga abahlola i-WPC decking yamaphrojekthi ezentengiselwano, idatha yokuhlola ukumelana namabala kufanele ibe yingxenye ejwayelekile yephakheji yemininingwane. Izinga le-EN 15534 lezinto ezihlanganisiwe zokhuni nepulasitikikufaka phakathi imibandela yokuhlola ukumelana namabala kanye nokuhlanzeka.Umkhiqizo we-Wpcs, kufaka phakathi i-YD140RH23 kanye ne-Idekhi enemibala ye-3D ububanzi, ziyahlolwa futhi ziqinisekiswe ngalezi zindinganiso, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimangalo zokusebenza zisekelwa ukuqinisekiswa okuzimele kwelebhu kuneziqinisekiso zokumaketha kwangaphakathi.
Izinselele Zesimo Sezulu SaseMpumalanga Ephakathi Zezinto Zokuhlobisa Ngaphandle
IMpumalanga Ephakathi iveza enye yezindawo zokusebenza ezidinga kakhulu izinto zokwakha zangaphandle eMhlabeni. Izindawo ezisogwini e-UAE, eSaudi Arabia, eQatar, eKuwait, eBahrain, nase-Oman zibhekene namazinga okushisa asehlobo angaphezu kwama-degree Celsius angu-50, amanani enkomba ye-UV adlula njalo ku-11 esikalini, imvula ephansi kakhulu yonyaka elandelwa yizimvula ezinkulu ngezikhathi ezithile, kanye nezinhlayiya zesihlabathi ezincane ezisakazekile ezithwalwa yimimoya evamile. Ngayinye yalezi zici igcizelela ngokuzimela izinto zokwakha ngaphandle, futhi umphumela wazo ohlangene usheshisa ukuwohloka okungaphezu kwalokho okubonwa ezimweni zezulu ezifudumele zaseYurophu noma eNyakatho Melika.
Ukushisa okuphezulu kubangela ukwanda kokushisa kanye nokujikeleza kokugoba okungadala ukugoba, ukugoba, kanye nokukhululeka kwe-fastener kumabhodi e-WPC akhiqizwe kabi. I-coefficient yokwanda kokushisa kwama-composites e-wood-plastic iyahlukahluka ngokwendlela ekwakhiwe ngayo, kodwa amabhodi angenayo i-cap-layer encapsulation efanele asengozini enkulu ngoba ukungena komswakama ezindaweni ezingavaliwe kwandisa ukungazinzi kobukhulu. I-ASA cap engu-360-degree inciphisa lokhu ngokunikeza isithiyo somswakama esiqhubekayo esiqinisa izinto eziyinhloko ngokumelene nokuguquguquka komswakama, ngisho nasezindaweni zasogwini lapho umoya kasawoti unezela khona ubukhulu obulimazayo enseleleni.
Ukuhuzuka kwesihlabathi kuyinto ekhathazayo eMpumalanga Ephakathi evame ukunganakwa ezicini zedekhi yomhlaba wonke. Izinhlayiya ze-quartz ezincane ezithwalwa umoya zisebenza njengesihlava esiqhubekayo esiguguza kancane kancane izindawo eziveziwe. Amabhodi namabhodi e-WPC angavaliwe anezimbobo ezithambile athuthukisa ukuthungwa okuqinile, okugcwele isihlabathi phakathi nesizini eyodwa yasehlobo. Ingqimba yesivalo se-ASA, enobulukhuni bayo obuphezulu bomphezulu kanye nokumelana nokuhuzuka, igcina ukuphela kwayo okubushelelezi isikhathi eside kakhulu. Kumaphrojekthi okungcebeleka nokwamukela izivakashi esifundeni lapho ulwazi lwezivakashi luncike ngqo kwikhwalithi yokuthinta yezindawo zokuhamba, lo mehluko ubalulekile ekusebenzeni. I-Ydwpc ikhonze izimakethe zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Ephakathi iminyaka, futhi imikhiqizo yenkampani yenzelwe ngqo ukusebenza ngokwethembeka ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ezimbi kakhulu.
Ukuqhathanisa i-Co-Extruded ASA-Capped WPC ne-Uncapped kanye ne-Side-Side Capped Alternatives
Imakethe ye-decking ye-WPC inikeza izigaba ezintathu ezibanzi zomkhiqizo: amabhodi esizukulwane sokuqala angavaliwe, amabhodi anezimbobo zohlangothi olulodwa, kanye namabhodi ahlanganiswe ngokugcwele ane-ASA cap. Ukuqonda umehluko wokusebenza phakathi kwalezi zigaba kubalulekile kubathengi be-B2B abadinga ukulinganisela izindleko zokuqala nenani lomjikelezo wokuphila. Amabhodi e-WPC angavaliwe abiza kancane ngemitha ngayinye, kodwa anikeza impilo yesevisi emfushane kakhulu, ukugcinwa kombala okubi kakhulu, kanye nomthwalo wokulungisa ophezulu kakhulu. Ahlala efanelekile ukufakwa kwesikhashana noma amaphrojekthi anesabelomali esincane lapho ubude bobuhle bungeyona into ebaluleke kakhulu.
Amabhodi anezivalo ohlangothini olulodwa amelela indawo ephakathi nendawo. Afaka ungqimba lwesivalo oluvikelayo, ngokuvamile olusekelwe ku-PVC kune-ASA, endaweni yokuhamba ephezulu kuphela. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukumelana ne-UV kanye namabala ebusweni obubonakalayo kodwa kushiya phansi nasemaphethelweni kungavikelekile. Ezimweni zezulu ezinokuvezwa kwe-UV okumaphakathi kanye nomswakama ophansi, amabhodi anezivalo ohlangothini olulodwa angaletha ukusebenza okwamukelekayo. Kodwa-ke, awanele kakhulu kumaphrojekthi ezentengiselwano acacisiwe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezimo zemvelo ezimbi kakhulu. Indawo engezansi engavaliwe ihlala isengozini yokumuncwa komswakama, futhi isixhumi se-cap-core emaphethelweni ebhodi singasebenza njengentambo yomswakama elimaza kancane kancane ubuqotho besakhiwo sonke.
Amabhodi ahlanganiswe ngokuphelele ane-cap ye-ASA engu-360-degree amelela isimo samanje sobuchwepheshe. Anentengo ephezulu ekhombisa izindleko ezengeziwe zezinto zokwakha kanye nobunzima bokukhiqiza, kodwa aletha ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izindlela ezifanele: ukugcinwa kombala, ukumelana namabala, ukumelana nomswakama, ukuzinza kobukhulu, kanye nokuphila kwenkonzo iyonke. Kwabachwepheshe bokuthenga abachaza i-decking yamaphrojekthi okungenisa izihambi, ezentengiselwano, noma ezikhungo anomkhathi wokuklama weminyaka engu-15 noma ngaphezulu, ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila kuthanda njalo imikhiqizo ehlanganiswe ngokuphelele. ukuhlaziywa kwemboni yezinhlanganisela ezivela ku-CompositesWorld kuqinisekisa lo mkhuba, kuqaphela ukushesha kokushintsha komhlaba wonke okuya ku-WPC ye-premium ehlanganisiwe ekwakheni kwezentengiselwano.
Izindinganiso Zokuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi kanye Nezitifiketi Zokuthengwa Kwe-B2B
Kubathengi be-B2B abathenga i-WPC decking emhlabeni jikelele, uhlaka lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi luyinto ebalulekile yokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela. Izitifiketi zomkhiqizo zinikeza ukuqinisekiswa okuqondile, okuvela eceleni kokuthi izimangalo zomkhiqizi ziqinisekiswa ukuhlolwa kwelebhu okuzimele. Izindinganiso ezimbili zibaluleke kakhulu ekuthengweni komhlaba wonke: i-EN 15534, indinganiso evumelanisiwe yaseYurophu yezinhlanganisela zokhuni-zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswa ekufakweni nasekufakweni, kanye ne-ASTM D7032, incazelo ejwayelekile yaseMelika yokusungula izilinganiso zokusebenza kwamabhodi edekhi e-WPC kanye nama-guard. Ukuhambisana nalezi zindinganiso kubonisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yomkhiqizi ihlolwe ukusebenza kwesakhiwo, ukuzinza kobukhulu, ukumuncwa kwamanzi, ukumelana nokuhoxiswa kwe-fastener, kanye nezinye izilinganiso ezibalulekile.
I-Ydwpc, esebenza njenge-Ningbo Yida Wood-Plastic Technology Co., Ltd. kusukela ngo-2010, inezitifiketi zekhwalithi eziyisikhombisa ezinkulu okuhlanganisa nokuqinisekiswa kwe-SGS. Lezi zitifiketi zihlanganisa uhla oluphelele lwemikhiqizo, okuhlanganisa i-co-extrusion decking kanye nemigqa yemikhiqizo eqoshwe nge-3D. Ukuhlolwa kwe-SGS, okwenziwa ezindaweni ezigunyaziwe, kunikeza ukuqinisekiswa okuzimele kokwakheka kwezinto, izakhiwo zemishini, kanye nezimangalo zokusebenza kwemvelo. Kumaqembu okuthenga alungiselela amadokhumenti acacisiwe noma ahlola amaphakheji okufaneleka kwabaphakeli, ukucela amakhophi alezi zitifiketi kanye nemibiko yokuhlola eyisisekelo kuyindlela engcono kakhulu ejwayelekile.
Ngaphandle kwezitifiketi ezisemthethweni, abathengi be-B2B kufanele bahlole ukuvuthwa komkhiqizo womkhiqizi, irekhodi lokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, kanye nengqalasizinda yokuphathwa kwekhwalithi. I-Ydwpc ibilokhu ikhiqiza imikhiqizo ye-WPC kusukela esikhungweni sayo sase-Ningbo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15, ikhonza izimakethe ezidinga kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Lokhu kuphila isikhathi eside kokusebenza kubonisa ukuzinza kwenqubo, ukuthembeka kweketanga lokuhlinzeka, kanye nekhono lokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukene zomthetho kanye nokusebenza. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana namakhono kanye nomlando wenkampani, vakashela ku- Ikhasi le-Ydwpc mayelananoma xhumana nethimba lokuthumela ngaphandle ngqo ukuze uxoxe ngemininingwane yephrojekthi yakho.











